This is the history of the third ship to bear the name HMS Cossack. Launched on 3 June 1886, she remained in service until 1905. Most of her career was spent in the Far East, visiting ports such as India, Aden, and Ceylon (Sri Lanka), among others.

The records also provide an interesting insight into daily life aboard, including how the crew were fed. Rations typically included 120 lbs of beef or meat, 60 lbs of vegetables, and 162 lbs of bread per day, with slight variations depending on the number of crew members. There is no reference to the daily tot of rum, which had been issued from 1866. This consisted of 1/8 of an imperial pint of rum at 95.5 proof (54.6% ABV), usually served at midday. Petty Officers and above received their rum neat, while Seamen had theirs diluted with two parts water to make 3/8 of an imperial pint (213 ml).

Year by Year

Discover the history of the HMS Cossack from 1886 to 1905.

You can search the ‘year’ and ‘month’ to find a specific date and also ‘click’ on the date itself to reveal any images and moments from that date.

12 October 1894

Moored at Mauritius. Wind force 1 with broken cloud. Barometer 30.19 inches falling to 30.15 at 0800 and to 30.10 at noon and then rising to 30.17 at 2000 before finishing at 30.13 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 80F. Received 124 lbs of meat and 62 lbs of vegetables pus 195 lbs of bread. 0600. Divisions and prayers. Exercised at General Quarters. Out collision mat. 0800. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Both watches exercising at cutlass drill. Noon. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud.…

Moored at Mauritius. Wind force 1 with broken cloud. Barometer 30.19 inches falling to 30.15 at 0800 and to 30.10 at noon and then rising to 30.17 at 2000 before finishing at 30.13 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 80F. Received 124 lbs of meat and 62 lbs of vegetables pus 195 lbs of bread. 0600. Divisions and prayers. Exercised at General Quarters. Out collision mat. 0800. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Both watches exercising at cutlass drill. Noon. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Employed cleaning boats on shore. 1600. Wind WNW force 3 with broken cloud. Quarters. Washed clothes. 2000. Wind WNW force 1 with broken cloud Coal expended 10 cwt. Number on sick list 15.

13 October 1894

Moored at Mauritius. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Barometer 30.13 inches rising to 30.15 at 0800 and then falling to 30.10 at noon and to 30.08 at 1600 before rising to 30.15 at 2000 and finishing at 30.16 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 75F. Received 122 lbs of meat and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 198 lbs of bread. 0600. Exercised at Fire Quarters. Employed as requisite. Noon. Wind NW force 3 with broken cloud. Employed as requisite. 1600. Wind NW force 2 with broken cloud. Quarters…

Moored at Mauritius. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Barometer 30.13 inches rising to 30.15 at 0800 and then falling to 30.10 at noon and to 30.08 at 1600 before rising to 30.15 at 2000 and finishing at 30.16 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 75F. Received 122 lbs of meat and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 198 lbs of bread. 0600. Exercised at Fire Quarters. Employed as requisite. Noon. Wind NW force 3 with broken cloud. Employed as requisite. 1600. Wind NW force 2 with broken cloud. Quarters. General leave to watch. 2000. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud.  Coal expended 9 cwt. Number on sick list 15.

14 October 1894

Moored at Mauritius. Wind calm with broken cloud. Barometer 30.13 inches rising to 30.16 at 0800 and to 30.19 at noon and then falling to 30.11 at 1600 before rising to 30.17 at 2000 and finishing at 30.24 at midnight. Temperature at noon 75F. Received 122 lbs of beef and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 213 lbs of bread. 0600. Landed Roman Catholics and Wesleyans for chapel. 0800. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Divisions. Landed Church party. Noon. Wind west force 2. Overcast with rain. 1600. Wind…

Moored at Mauritius. Wind calm with broken cloud. Barometer 30.13 inches rising to 30.16 at 0800 and to 30.19 at noon and then falling to 30.11 at 1600 before rising to 30.17 at 2000 and finishing at 30.24 at midnight. Temperature at noon 75F. Received 122 lbs of beef and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 213 lbs of bread. 0600. Landed Roman Catholics and Wesleyans for chapel. 0800. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Divisions. Landed Church party. Noon. Wind west force 2. Overcast with rain. 1600. Wind NW force 1 with broken cloud and passing rain. 2000. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Coal expended 7 cwt. Number on sick list 17.

15 October 1894

Moored at Mauritius. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Barometer 30.14 inches rising to 30.15 at 0800 and to 30.18 at 1600 and to 30.19 at 2000 before finishing at 30.18 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 79F. Received 120 lbs of beef and 60 lbs of vegetables plus 186 lbs of bread. 0600. Starboard watch at cutlass drill. Port watch blacking down. (The term “blacking down” refers to applying blacking (a pitch-like preservative) to a ship’s wooden decks or hull, a practic…

Moored at Mauritius. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Barometer 30.14 inches rising to 30.15 at 0800 and to 30.18 at 1600 and to 30.19 at 2000 before finishing at 30.18 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 79F. Received 120 lbs of beef and 60 lbs of vegetables plus 186 lbs of bread. 0600. Starboard watch at cutlass drill. Port watch blacking down. (The term “blacking down” refers to applying blacking (a pitch-like preservative) to a ship’s wooden decks or hull, a practice used to waterproof and protect them from the elements and marine organisms.)  Noon. Wind south force 1 with broken cloud. Employed as requisite.  Ordinary seaman at seamanship. 1600. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. 1700. Quarters. General leave to watch. Washed clothes.  Coal expended 7 cwt. Number on sick list 17.

16 October 1894

Moored at Mauritius. Wind calm with broken cloud. Barometer  30.19 inches  falling to 30.17 at 0800 and to 30.15 at 1600 and then rising to 30.20 at 2000 before finishing at 30.18 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 77F. 0600. Laid out sheet anchor and cable and then re-stowed it.  0800. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. Employed as requisite.  Noon. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. Employed as requisite. Ordinary seamen at seamanship. 1600. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. 1700. Qu…

Moored at Mauritius. Wind calm with broken cloud. Barometer  30.19 inches  falling to 30.17 at 0800 and to 30.15 at 1600 and then rising to 30.20 at 2000 before finishing at 30.18 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 77F. 0600. Laid out sheet anchor and cable and then re-stowed it.  0800. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. Employed as requisite.  Noon. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. Employed as requisite. Ordinary seamen at seamanship. 1600. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. 1700. Quarters. Gave general leave to watch.  Coal expended 1 ton 16 cwt. Number on sick list 17.

17 October 1894

Moored at Mauritius. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. Barometer 30.13 inches rising to 30.20 at 0800 and the falling to 30.14 at noon before rising to 30.17 at 1600 and then falling to 30.16 inches at 2000 where it finished at midnight. Temperature at noon 76F. Received 122 lbs of meat and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 156 lbs of bread.  0600. Landed Small Arms Company, Marines and field gun crews. 0800. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. Divisions. Inspected arms. Both watches – Out stream anc…

Moored at Mauritius. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. Barometer 30.13 inches rising to 30.20 at 0800 and the falling to 30.14 at noon before rising to 30.17 at 1600 and then falling to 30.16 inches at 2000 where it finished at midnight. Temperature at noon 76F. Received 122 lbs of meat and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 156 lbs of bread.  0600. Landed Small Arms Company, Marines and field gun crews. 0800. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. Divisions. Inspected arms. Both watches – Out stream anchor and cable. Noon. Wind SE force 1. Over cast and passing rain.  General leave to watch. Make and mend clothes. 1700. Quarters. Washed clothes. Coal expended 1 ton 16 cwt.  Number on sick list 17.

18 October 1894

Moored at Mauritius. Wind calm with broken cloud. Barometer 30.14 inches rising to 30.20 at 0800 and to 30.25 at noon and the falling to 30.15 at 1600 before rising to 30.24 at 2000 and finishing at 30.26 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 75F. Received 122 lbs of beef and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 77 lbs of bread. 0600. Employed cleaning magazine. Landing powder for storage in Fort George magazine.  0800. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. Noon. Wind west force 2. Overcast with rain.  Em…

Moored at Mauritius. Wind calm with broken cloud. Barometer 30.14 inches rising to 30.20 at 0800 and to 30.25 at noon and the falling to 30.15 at 1600 before rising to 30.24 at 2000 and finishing at 30.26 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 75F. Received 122 lbs of beef and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 77 lbs of bread. 0600. Employed cleaning magazine. Landing powder for storage in Fort George magazine.  0800. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. Noon. Wind west force 2. Overcast with rain.  Employed landing shell. 1600. Wind NW force 1 with broken cloud and passing rain. 1700. Quarters. General leave to watch.  Coal expended 1 ton 15 cwt. Number on sick list 17.

19 October 1894

Moored at Port Louis Mauritius. Wind calm with broken cloud. Barometer 30.17 inches rising to 30.20 at 0800 and then falling to 30.19 at 1600 before finishing at 30.20 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 75F. Received 122 lbs of meat and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 189 lbs of bread. Employed in transporting shell forward. Noon. Wind WNW force 2 with broken cloud. Starboard watch ashore preparing barracks for ship’s company. Ordinary seamen at seamanship. Remainder as requisite.  1600. Wind …

Moored at Port Louis Mauritius. Wind calm with broken cloud. Barometer 30.17 inches rising to 30.20 at 0800 and then falling to 30.19 at 1600 before finishing at 30.20 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 75F. Received 122 lbs of meat and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 189 lbs of bread. Employed in transporting shell forward. Noon. Wind WNW force 2 with broken cloud. Starboard watch ashore preparing barracks for ship’s company. Ordinary seamen at seamanship. Remainder as requisite.  1600. Wind WNW force 1 with broken cloud. 1700 Quarters. Washed clothes.  Coal expended 1 ton 16 cwt. Number on sick list 17.

20 October 1894

Moored at Port Louis. Mauritius. Wind SE force q with broken cloud. Barometer 30.21 inches falling to 30.20 at 0800 and to 30.15 at noon and to 30.10 at 1600 before rising to 30.20 at 2000 and finishing at 30.17 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 80F.  Received 122 lbs of meat and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 198 lbs of bread. 0615. Weighed port anchor. 0800. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. Employed cleaning ship. Noon. Wind east force 1 with broken cloud. Employed as requisite. 1600. Wind…

Moored at Port Louis. Mauritius. Wind SE force q with broken cloud. Barometer 30.21 inches falling to 30.20 at 0800 and to 30.15 at noon and to 30.10 at 1600 before rising to 30.20 at 2000 and finishing at 30.17 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 80F.  Received 122 lbs of meat and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 198 lbs of bread. 0615. Weighed port anchor. 0800. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. Employed cleaning ship. Noon. Wind east force 1 with broken cloud. Employed as requisite. 1600. Wind east force 3 with broken cloud. 1700. Quarters. General leave to watch. Coal expended 10 cwt. Number on sick list 18.

21 October 1894

Moored at Port Louis. Mauritius. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. Barometer 30.23 inches falling to 30.14 at 0800 and to 30.13 at noon and to 30.10 at 1600 before rising to 30.17 at 2000 and finishing at 20.19 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 76F. Received 122 lbs of meat and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 213 lbs of bread. 0600. Landed Roman Catholics for chapel. 0800. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Divisions. Sent Church party ashore for chapel. Noon. Wind north force 2 with broken clo…

Moored at Port Louis. Mauritius. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. Barometer 30.23 inches falling to 30.14 at 0800 and to 30.13 at noon and to 30.10 at 1600 before rising to 30.17 at 2000 and finishing at 20.19 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 76F. Received 122 lbs of meat and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 213 lbs of bread. 0600. Landed Roman Catholics for chapel. 0800. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Divisions. Sent Church party ashore for chapel. Noon. Wind north force 2 with broken cloud. 1600. Wind NW force 2 with broken cloud. Quarters.  Coal expended 9 cwt. Number on sick list 15.

22 October 1894

Moored at Port Louis. Mauritius. Wind calm with broken cloud. Barometer 30.16 inches rising to 30.18 at 0800 and to 30.23 at noon before falling to 30.15 inches at 1600. (Last reading for the day) Temperature at noon 80F. Received 122 lbs of meat and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 228 lbs of bread. 0800. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. 0815. Placed ship in dry dock for cleaning and painting bottom. Hands turned over to the barracks.  Noon. Wind NW force 1 with broken cloud.  Coal expended 9 cwt.…

Moored at Port Louis. Mauritius. Wind calm with broken cloud. Barometer 30.16 inches rising to 30.18 at 0800 and to 30.23 at noon before falling to 30.15 inches at 1600. (Last reading for the day) Temperature at noon 80F. Received 122 lbs of meat and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 228 lbs of bread. 0800. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. 0815. Placed ship in dry dock for cleaning and painting bottom. Hands turned over to the barracks.  Noon. Wind NW force 1 with broken cloud.  Coal expended 9 cwt.  Number on sick list 15

23 October 1894

In dry dock at Port Louis. Mauritius.  Received 116 lbs of meat and 58 lbs of vegetables plus 204 lbs of bread. 0600. Small Arms Company, Marines and field gun crew drilled. 0800. Small Arms Company, Marines and field gun crew at drill. Coal expended 7 cwt. Number on sick list 15

24 October 1894

In dry dock at Port Louis. Mauritius.  Received 114 lbs of beef and 57 lbs of vegetables plus 189 lbs of bread. 0600. French sloop Papin arrived. Small Arms Company, Marines and field gun crews drilled. 0900 Small Arms Company, Marines and field gun crews at drill. Ships Company in Barracks.  Usual leave.  Coal expended 5 cwt. Number on sick list 14.

25 October 1894

In dry dock at Port Louis. Mauritius.  Received 114 lbs of meat and 57 lbs of vegetables plus 153 lbs of bread. Employed preparing ship for coaling. Small Arms Company and field gun crews at drill. Noon. Make and mend clothes. General leave. Coal expended 6 cwt. 51 tons 17 cwt remaining. Number on sick list 14

26 October 1894

In dry dock at Port Louis. Mauritius.  Received 120 lbs of meat and 60 lbs of vegetables plus168 lbs of bread. 0730. Ships company returned to ship. Ship floated. 1000. Proceeded out of dock.  Noon. Barometer 30.26 inches Wind east force 2 with broken cloud.  1430. Moored ship bow and stern. Commenced coaling. Party ashore cleaning up barracks. 1600. Barometer 30.16. Wind E by S force 3 with broken cloud and passing rain. General leave to watch. Stopped coaling. Received 70 tons.  Draught fo…

In dry dock at Port Louis. Mauritius.  Received 120 lbs of meat and 60 lbs of vegetables plus168 lbs of bread. 0730. Ships company returned to ship. Ship floated. 1000. Proceeded out of dock.  Noon. Barometer 30.26 inches Wind east force 2 with broken cloud.  1430. Moored ship bow and stern. Commenced coaling. Party ashore cleaning up barracks. 1600. Barometer 30.16. Wind E by S force 3 with broken cloud and passing rain. General leave to watch. Stopped coaling. Received 70 tons.  Draught forward. 10 feet 0 inches. Aft 14 feet 6 inches.  Coal expended 12 cwt. Number on sick list 13.

27 October 1894

Moored bow and stern in Port Louis, Mauritius. Wind SE force 2 to 4 with broken cloud and squalls.  Barometer 30.16 inches rising to 30.18 at 0800 and then falling to 30.17 at noon followed by a rise to 30.18 at 1600 and finishing at 30.17 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 79F.  Received 120 lbs of meat and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 198 lbs of bread.  00600. Employed coaling ship and as requisite. 0800. Wind east force 2 with broken cloud. Noon. Wind east force 3 with broken cloud. 1530…

Moored bow and stern in Port Louis, Mauritius. Wind SE force 2 to 4 with broken cloud and squalls.  Barometer 30.16 inches rising to 30.18 at 0800 and then falling to 30.17 at noon followed by a rise to 30.18 at 1600 and finishing at 30.17 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 79F.  Received 120 lbs of meat and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 198 lbs of bread.  00600. Employed coaling ship and as requisite. 0800. Wind east force 2 with broken cloud. Noon. Wind east force 3 with broken cloud. 1530. Finished coaling. Received 250 tons. 1700. Employed cleaning ship. 2000. General leave to watch.  Draught forward 13 feet 0 inches. Aft 15 feet 4 inches. Coal expended 9 cwt.  Number on sick list 12

28 October 1894

Moored bow and stern in Port Louis, Mauritius. Wind east force 1 with broken cloud. Barometer 30.18 inches falling to 30.15 at 0800 and to 30.10 at noon and then rising to 30.22 at 1600 before finishing at 30.16 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 78F. Received 122 lbs of meat and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 213 lbs of bread. 0600. Divisions and prayers. Noon. Wind NE force 2 with broken cloud. General leave to watch. 1600. Wind NW force 1 with broken cloud. 1700. Quarters.  Coal expended 10 …

Moored bow and stern in Port Louis, Mauritius. Wind east force 1 with broken cloud. Barometer 30.18 inches falling to 30.15 at 0800 and to 30.10 at noon and then rising to 30.22 at 1600 before finishing at 30.16 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 78F. Received 122 lbs of meat and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 213 lbs of bread. 0600. Divisions and prayers. Noon. Wind NE force 2 with broken cloud. General leave to watch. 1600. Wind NW force 1 with broken cloud. 1700. Quarters.  Coal expended 10 cwt. Number on sick list 11.

29 October 1894

Moored bow and stern in Port Louis, Mauritius. Wind WNW force 1 with broken cloud.  Barometer 30.12 inches rising to 30.19 at 0800 before falling to 30.15 at 1600 and finishing at 30.14 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 76F. Received 123 lbs of meat and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 204 lbs of bread. 0600. Employed getting in ammunition and stowing magazine and shell rooms. 0800. Wind south with blue sky. Noon. Wind south force 4 with broken cloud and squalls.  As in forenoon. 1600. Wind SE …

Moored bow and stern in Port Louis, Mauritius. Wind WNW force 1 with broken cloud.  Barometer 30.12 inches rising to 30.19 at 0800 before falling to 30.15 at 1600 and finishing at 30.14 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 76F. Received 123 lbs of meat and 61 lbs of vegetables plus 204 lbs of bread. 0600. Employed getting in ammunition and stowing magazine and shell rooms. 0800. Wind south with blue sky. Noon. Wind south force 4 with broken cloud and squalls.  As in forenoon. 1600. Wind SE force 5 with broken cloud.1700. Quarters. General leave to watch. Washed clothes.  Coal expended 9 cwt. Number on sick list 13.

31 October 1894

Moored bow and stern in Port Louis, Mauritius. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Barometer 30.23 inches rising to 30.27 at 0800 and then falling to 30.25 at noon and to 30.19 at 1600 before rising to 30.26 at 2000 and finishing at 30.29 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 76F. Received 120 lbs of beef and 60 lbs of vegetables plus 192 lbs of bread. 0600. Employed painting ship. 0800. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Noon. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. Employed painting ship.1600. Win…

Moored bow and stern in Port Louis, Mauritius. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Barometer 30.23 inches rising to 30.27 at 0800 and then falling to 30.25 at noon and to 30.19 at 1600 before rising to 30.26 at 2000 and finishing at 30.29 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 76F. Received 120 lbs of beef and 60 lbs of vegetables plus 192 lbs of bread. 0600. Employed painting ship. 0800. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Noon. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. Employed painting ship.1600. Wind south force 2 with broken cloud. 1700. General leave to watch. Coal expended 2 tons 10 cwt.  Number on sick list 15.

01 November 1894

Moored bow and stern in Port Louis, Mauritius. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Barometer 30.23 inches rising to 30.29 at 0800 and then falling to 30.27 at noon and to 30.22 at 1600 before rising to 30.27 at 2000 and finishing at 30.28 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 72F. Received 120 lbs of beef and 60 lbs of vegetables plus 216 lbs of bread.  0600. Boats ashore – cleaning out.  Employed painting boats.  0800. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. Noon. Wind SE force 1 with broken c…

Moored bow and stern in Port Louis, Mauritius. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Barometer 30.23 inches rising to 30.29 at 0800 and then falling to 30.27 at noon and to 30.22 at 1600 before rising to 30.27 at 2000 and finishing at 30.28 inches at midnight. Temperature at noon 72F. Received 120 lbs of beef and 60 lbs of vegetables plus 216 lbs of bread.  0600. Boats ashore – cleaning out.  Employed painting boats.  0800. Wind SE force 2 with broken cloud. Noon. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Paid monthly money.  Make and mend clothes. 1600. Wind NW force 2 with broken cloud. 1700. Quarters. 2000. Wind SE force 1 with broken cloud. Coal expended 1 ton 10 cwt. Number on sick list 16.

Hidden Gems

Unsurprisingly, on the 24th December 1894 over 15 crew members were on the sick list. The day before Christmas!

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1806-1816

This is the account of the first vessel named HMS Cossack, a title that would be passed on to five later ships and commemorated by the Royal Navy in the Cossack Building at HMS Raleigh.

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1854-1875

The second Cossack was originally ordered by Russia for the Black Sea Fleet in December 1852 at a cost of 290,000 silver roubles. However, when relations between Britain and Russia deteriorated, Russia sold the vessels to the Hamburg trading firm Henry Mersk & Co.

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1886-1905

This account covers the third vessel named HMS Cossack. Launched on 3 June 1886 and in service until 1905, she spent the majority of her career in the Far East, calling at India, Aden, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and other ports.

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1907-1919

The fourth HMS Cossack received the first Battle Honour for participating in operations along the Belgian coast from 17 October to 8 November 1914. This section contains copies of the original construction contract and detailed plans showing her launch, deck arrangements, and machinery.

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1938-1941

Credited with battle honours including Baltic 1855, Witu 1890, Dover Patrol 1914–1919, Narvik 1940, Norway 1940, Atlantic 1940–1941, the Bismarck Action 1941, and the Malta Convoys 1941, the HMS Cossack in service from 1938 to 1941 was a formidable presence.

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1944-1960

During Warship Week in February 1942, the town of Esher raised £1,192,211, contributing to the construction of the warship HMS Cossack. The funds were collected by the public depositing money into a rubber-type float in a pool. Remarkably, the surplus was enough to fund a submarine as well. The story continues.

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